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technical
GUIDELINE FOR TEMPERATURE JUDGEMENT BY SHEATH COLOUR OF: Stainless Steel OR Incoloy
Degrees Celsius Sheath Colour Degrees Fahrenheit
400 red heat visible in the dark 752
474 red heat visible in the twilight 885
525 red heat visible in the daylight 975
531 red heat visible in the sunlight 1077
700 dark red 1292
800 dull cherry-red 1472
900 cherry-red 1652
1000 bright cherry-red 1832
1100 orangish-red 2012
1200 orangish-yellow 2192
1300 yellowish-white 2372
1400 white heat 2552
Temperature Conversion
Celsius to Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit to Celsius		     x°C x 1.8 + 32 (x + temperature in ° celsius)
    (x°C - 32) x 0.5555

BASIC FORMULAE
Areas and Volume Resistance Heating Formula
Circumference = Pi x Diameter V = IR P = VI
        = P   = V²
Area of a Circle = Pi x D²     I     R
        4   = sq.root(PR)   = I²R
Volumes of a Cylinder = Pi x D² x L I = V R = V
           4     R     I
        = P   = V²
          V     P
        = sq.root(P)     P
                R     I²

Conversion Factors Where:
1W/cm² = 6.45W/in² P = Power in Watts
1W/in² = 0.155W/cm² I = Current in Amps
1W/in² = 0.646kW/m² R = Resistance in Ohms
1kW/m² = 1.548W/in² V = Voltage
CR =      p²     
R20 x Kt		 CR = Cold Resistance
      R = Resistance at 20°C
Watts Density =           Wattage          
Pi x Diameter x Length		 Kt = Temperature/Resistance factor


VARIATIONS OF OHM'S LAW


AMPERAGE CONVERSION TABLE
Wattage Volts Wattage
110 115 118 120 220 230 236 240 440 460 480
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1250
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2200
2500
2750
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000		 .91
1.36
1.82
2.27
2.72
3.18
3.63
4.54
5.45
6.36
6.80
7.27
8.18
9.09
10.0
10.9
11.4
11.8
12.7
13.6
14.6
15.5
16.4
17.3
18.2
20.0
22.7
25.0
27.2
31.8
36.8
40.9
45.4
54.5
63.6
72.7
81.8
90.9		 .87
1.30
1.74
2.17
2.61
3.04
3.48
4.35
5.22
6.09
6.52
6.96
7.83
8.69
9.56
10.4
10.9
11.3
12.2
13.0
13.9
14.8
15.7
16.5
17.4
19.1
21.7
23.9
26.1
30.4
34.8
39.1
43.5
52.2
60.9
69.6
78.3
86.9		 .85
1.27
1.69
2.12
2.54
2.97
3.39
4.24
5.08
5.93
6.36
6.78
7.63
8.47
9.32
10.2
10.6
11.0
11.9
12.7
13.6
14.4
15.3
16.1
16.9
18.6
21.2
23.3
25.4
29.7
33.9
38.1
42.4
50.8
59.3
67.8
76.3
84.7		 .83
1.25
1.67
2.08
2.50
2.92
3.33
4.17
5.00
5.83
6.25
6.67
7.50
8.33
9.17
10.0
10.4
10.8
11.7
12.5
13.3
14.2
15.0
15.8
16.7
18.3
20.8
23.0
25.0
29.2
33.3
37.5
41.7
50.0
58.3
66.7
75.0
83.3		 .46
.68
.91
1.14
1.36
1.59
1.82
2.27
2.73
3.18
3.40
3.64
4.09
4.55
5.00
5.45
5.68
5.91
6.36
6.82
7.27
7.73
8.18
8.64
9.09
10.0
11.4
12.5
13.6
15.9
18.2
20.5
22.7
27.3
31.8
36.4
40.9
45.5		 .44
.65
.87
1.09
1.30
1.53
1.74
2.17
2.61
3.04
3.26
3.48
3.91
4.35
4.78
5.22
5.43
5.65
6.09
6.52
6.96
7.39
7.83
8.26
8.70
9.57
10.9
12.0
13.0
15.3
17.4
19.6
21.7
26.1
30.4
34.8
39.1
43.5		 .43
.64
.85
1.06
1.27
1.48
1.70
2.12
2.54
2.97
3.18
3.39
3.81
4.24
4.66
5.08
5.30
5.51
5.93
6.40
6.78
7.20
7.63
8.05
8.47
9.32
10.6
11.7
12.7
14.8
17.0
19.1
21.2
25.4
29.7
33.9
38.1
42.4		 .42
.63
.83
1.04
1.25
1.46
1.67
2.08
2.50
2.92
3.13
3.33
3.75
4.17
4.58
5.00
5.21
5.42
5.83
6.25
6.67
7.08
7.50
7.92
8.33
9.17
10.4
11.5
12.5
14.6
16.7
18.8
20.8
25.0
29.2
33.3
37.5
41.7		 .23
.34
.45
.57
.68
.80
.91
1.14
1.36
1.59
1.70
1.82
2.05
2.27
2.50
2.73
2.84
2.95
3.18
3.41
3.64
3.86
4.09
4.32
4.55
5.00
5.68
6.25
6.82
7.95
9.10
10.2
11.4
13.6
15.9
18.2
20.5
22.7		 .22
.33
.43
.54
.65
.76
.87
1.09
1.30
1.52
1.63
1.74
1.96
2.17
2.39
2.61
2.72
2.83
3.04
3.26
3.48
3.70
3.91
4.13
4.35
4.78
5.43
5.98
6.52
7.61
8.70
9.78
10.9
13.0
15.2
17.4
19.6
21.7		 .21
.31
.42
.52
.63
.73
.83
1.04
1.25
1.46
1.56
1.67
1.88
2.08
2.29
2.50
2.60
2.71
2.92
3.13
3.33
3.54
3.75
3.96
4.17
4.58
5.21
5.73
6.25
7.29
7.33
9.38
10.4
12.5
14.6
16.7
18.8
20.8		 100
150
200
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
750
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1250
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2200
2500
2750
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000


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